How do social robots emerge from simple, soft shapes? As part of their final thesis at the School of Business FHNW, Nhi Tran Hoang Yen and Thang Hoang Vu from Ho Chi Minh City have answered this question posed by their supervisor Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel. They have submitted eleven proposals for novel robots. All are shown on informationsethik.net. The second proposal is a kind of clock (go here to the previous), which is placed around the neck of a bottle (at least a PET bottle would be a simple, soft form). Botbot, as it is called (from „bottle“ and „robot“), reminds the user to drink something. The robot can determine how much is left in the bottle and how much one has already drunk. Botbot can output text and has simple miming capabilities. On the one hand, one can be bothered by the pedagogical function. On the other hand, this function could prove to be really useful. The fact is that many people drink too little and get sick as a result. Two books by Oliver Bendel on social robots – „300 Keywords Soziale Robotik“ and „Soziale Roboter“ – will be published in October 2021.
Fig.: Botbot (image: Trần Hoàng Yến Nhi & Hoàng Vũ Thắng, Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, Việt Nam)
How do social robots emerge from simple, soft shapes? As part of their final thesis at the School of Business FHNW, 23-year-old students Nhi Tran Hoang Yen and Thang Hoang Vu from Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam) have answered this question posed by their supervisor Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel. They have submitted eleven proposals for novel robots. All are shown on informationsethik.net. The first is a pillow to which a tail has been added. Its name is Petanion. The tail could move like the tail of a cat or dog. In addition, the pillow could make certain sounds. It would be optimal if the tail movements were based on the behavior of the user. Thus, as desired, a social robot is created from a simple, soft form, in this case a pet substitute. Petanion is soft and cute and survives a long time. It can also be used if one has certain allergies or if there is not enough space or money in a household for a pet. Last but not least, the ecological balance is probably better – above all, the robot does not eat animals that come from factory farming. The inspiration may have been Qoobo, a pillow with a tail, designed to calm and to „heal the heart“. Two books by Oliver Bendel on social robots – „300 Keywords Soziale Robotik“ and „Soziale Roboter“ – will be published in October 2021.
Fig.: Petanion (image: Trần Hoàng Yến Nhi & Hoàng Vũ Thắng, Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, Việt Nam)
SPACE THEA was developd by Martin Spathelf at the School of Business FHNW from April to August 2021. The client and supervisor was Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel. The voice assistant is supposed to show empathy and emotions towards astronauts on a Mars flight. Technically, it is based on Google Assistant and Dialogflow. The programmer chose a female voice with Canadian English. SPACE THEA’s personality includes functional and emotional intelligence, honesty, and creativity. She follows a moral principle: to maximize the benefit of the passengers of the spacecraft. The prototype was implemented for the following scenarios: conduct general conversations; help the user find a light switch; assist the astronaut when a thruster fails; greet and cheer up in the morning; fend off an insult for no reason; stand by a lonely astronaut; learn about the voice assistant. A video on the latter scenario is available here. Oliver Bendel has been researching conversational agents for 20 years. With his teams, he has developed 20 concepts and artifacts of machine ethics and social robotics since 2012.
With Hugvie and Somnox Sleep Robot, researchers and companies has made it clear that it is possible to build simple, soft social robots that have a certain utility and impact. This raises hopes for social robotics, which is currently showing some progress, but is still developing slowly. Materials such as rubber and plastic can be used to make simple, soft social robots. These materials can be combined with existing devices such as smartphones and tablets on which you run certain applications, or with simple sensors and electronic components. The project or thesis, announced by Oliver Bendel at the School of Business FHNW, will first do research on the basics of simple, soft social robots. The work of Hiroshi Ishiguro and Alexis Block (with Katherine J. Kuchenbecker) will be included. Then, examples of implementation forms are mentioned and sketched. Their purpose and benefits are presented, as well as possible areas of application. One example is to be implemented, whereby speech abilities and sounds can be an option as well as vibration and electrical impulses. The reference to applications in the household, in public space or in the commercial sector should be established. The project will start in March 2021.
Hanson Robotics is most famous for Sophia. Now the Hong Kong-based company is preparing to launch a new robot. According to the website, Little Sophia is the little sister of Sophia and the newest member of the Hanson Robotics family. „Little Sophia can walk, talk, sing, play games and, like her big sister, even tell jokes! She is a programmable, educational companion for kids, that will inspire children to learn about coding, AI, science, technology, engineering and math through a safe, interactive, human-robot experience. Unlike most educational toys designed by toy companies, Little Sophia is crafted by the same renowned developers, engineers, roboticists and AI scientists that created Sophia the Robot.“ (Website Hanson Robotics) In photos, Little Sophia looks even creepier than Sophia. In videos, this impression is no different. What is special about her is that she has a wide range of facial expressions. It must be emphasized that, as in the case of Sophia, this is not a virtual face, but a real one. From a technical point of view, this is without a doubt an interesting product.
The paper „The HAPPY HEDGEHOG Project“ by Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel, Emanuel Graf and Kevin Bollier was accepted at the AAAI Spring Symposia 2021. The researchers will present it at the sub-conference „Machine Learning for Mobile Robot Navigation in the Wild“ at the end of March. The project was conducted at the School of Business FHNW between June 2019 and January 2020. Emanuel Graf, Kevin Bollier, Michel Beugger and Vay Lien Chang developed a prototype of a mowing robot in the context of machine ethics and social robotics, which stops its work as soon as it detects a hedgehog. HHH has a thermal imaging camera. When it encounters a warm object, it uses image recognition to investigate it further. At night, a lamp mounted on top helps. After training with hundreds of photos, HHH can quite accurately identify a hedgehog. With this artifact, the team provides a solution to a problem that frequently occurs in practice. Commercial robotic mowers repeatedly kill young hedgehogs in the dark. HAPPY HEDGEHOG could help to save them. The video on in the corresponding section of this website shows it without disguise. The robot is in the tradition of LADYBIRD.
„Soziale Roboter“ ist ein Wissenschaftscomic von Prof. Dr. Oliver Korn, Leiter des Affective & Cognitive Institute (ACI) an der Hochschule Offenburg, und Jonas Grund, Illustrator und Zeichner aus Steinenbronn. Die beiden vermitteln damit nach eigener Aussage einen aktuellen Stand und einen Ausblick der Wissenschaften im Bereich sozialer Roboter und künstlicher Intelligenz und bieten eine Grundlage für eine breite gesellschaftliche Debatte an. Die Website des ACI fasst die Geschichte, die im Comic erzählt wird, so zusammen: „Der Prototyp eines sozialen Roboters ist kurz vor der ersten großen Feldstudie für den Einsatz in der Altenpflege aus dem Forschungslabor verschwunden. Auf der Suche nach dem gestohlenen Roboter tun sich viele Fragen auf …“ (Website ACI) Die Fragen lauten: „Was sind soziale Roboter und wie können sie eingesetzt werden?“, „Wie können soziale Roboter in der Altenpflege eingesetzt werden?“, „Gefährden soziale Roboter Arbeitsplätze?“ und „Was sind mögliche Lösungsansätze?“. Und am Ende heißt es: „Kommissarin Kira ermittelt und findet viele Antworten …“ (Website ACI) Prof. Dr. Oliver Korn ist auch einer der etwa 20 Autorinnen und Autoren des Buchs „Soziale Roboter“ … Dieses wird von Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel herausgegeben und erscheint Ende 2021 bei Springer.
Abb.: Die comichafte Darstellung eines sozialen Roboters
The book „Culturally Sustainable Social Robotics“ (eds. Marco Nørskov, Johanna Seibt, and Oliver Santiago Quick) was published in December 2020 by IOS Press. From the publisher’s information: „Robophilosophy conferences have been the world’s largest venues for humanities research in and on social robotics. The book at hand presents the proceedings of Robophilosophy Conference 2020: Culturally Sustainable Social Robotics, the fourth event in the international, biennial Robophilosophy Conference Series, which brought together close to 400 participants from 29 countries. The speakers of the conference, whose contributions are collected in this volume, were invited to offer concrete proposals for how the Humanities can help to shape a future where social robotics is guided by the goals of enhancing socio-cultural values rather than by utility alone. The book is divided into 3 parts; Abstracts of Plenaries, which contains 6 plenary sessions; Session Papers, with 44 papers under 8 thematic categories; and Workshops, containing 25 items on 5 selected topics.“ (Website IOS Press) Contributors include Robert Sparrow, Alan Winfield, Aimee van Wynsberghe, John Danaher, Johanna Seibt, Marco Nørskov, Peter Remmers, John P. Sullins, and Oliver Bendel.
Fig.: A photo from the 2018 conference (with Hiroshi Ishiguro)
Social robots are robots that come close to animals and humans, interact and communicate with them. They reproduce characteristics of animals and humans in their behavior and appearance. They can be implemented both as hardware robots and as software robots. The SPACE THEA project should have already started in March 2020. Because of COVID-19 it had to be postponed. Now Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel (School of Business FHNW) starts with the preparatory work. In winter 2020/2021 and spring 2021 the programming of the voicebot is then carried out. SPACE THEA is designed to accompany astronauts to Mars and to show them empathy and emotions. In the best case, she should also be able to provide psychological counseling, for example, based on cases from the literature. The project will use findings from social robotics, but also from machine ethics. The results will be available by summer 2021.
In the first part of the HUGGIE project initiated by Oliver Bendel, two students of the School of Business FHNW conducted an online survey with almost 300 participants. In the management summary of their bachelor thesis Ümmühan Korucu and Leonie Stocker (formerly Leonie Brogle) write: „The results of the survey indicated that people have a positive attitude towards robots in general as robots are perceived as interesting and useful rather than unnecessary and disturbing. However, only a minority of the participants stated that they would accept a hug from a robot. A possible reason for this could be that for the majority of participants, a hug is an act of intimacy with a deeper meaning attached to it which is only being shared with selected persons. For a robot to be perceived as an attractive hugging partner, a human-like design including a face, eyes, a friendly look as well as the ability to communicate verbally and non-verbally is desired. However, an appearance being too realistic has a deterrent effect. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis of the data in relation to age and gender of the participants resulted in the discovery of interesting facts and differences. Overall, the findings contribute to a clearer picture about the appearance and the features Huggie should have in order to be accepted as a hugging counterpart.“ The bachelor thesis will be publicly available in autumn 2020. There will also be a paper with the results next year.
An der Hochschule für Wirtschaft FHNW wird ab Herbstsemester 2021 das Wahlmodul „Soziale Roboter“ angeboten. Es steht Wirtschaftsinformatikern und Betriebsökonomen offen. Dozent ist Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel. Das Wahlmodul „Soziale Roboter“ klärt Grundbegriffe und -konzepte, stellt den Zusammenhang zwischen der Sozialen Robotik und anderen Disziplinen (Künstliche Intelligenz, Maschinenethik, Künstliches Bewusstsein) her, nennt Beispiele sozialer Roboter und geht auf Anwendungsgebiete sozialer Roboter ein. Die Studierenden lernen ausgewählte soziale Roboter kennen, auch im direkten Kontakt. Sie entwickeln Szenarien, die folgende Komponenten umfassen: Beschreibung eines fiktiven sozialen Roboters (Zeichnung, Produktbeschreibung), Skizze einer Organisation oder Situation, in der der Roboter eingesetzt wird (Organigramm, Firmenbeschreibung), Darstellung der Interaktion und Kommunikation sowie der Datenflüsse (Modellierung), Diskussion technischer, ethischer und rechtlicher Fragen. Die Ergebnisse werden in Gruppen im Plenum präsentiert.
The topic of the 12th International Conference on Social Robotics (ICSR 2020) is „Entertaining Robots“, which is meant to be – according to the organizers – a play on words signifying that robots can serve as captivating social agents but also suggesting the challenges associated with managing these artifacts. „In the near future robots will be entering our social world taking on a wide variety of roles. This conference offers a venue for researchers and those interested in social robots to examine the progress that is being made towards the creation of social robots. ICSR 2020 will foster discussion related to the innovative approaches to developing social robots, the promise new robotic technologies, and possible positive and negative influences of social robots on society.“ (Website ICSR) ICSR 2020 was supposed to take place in Colorado, but will be conducted in a virtual format because of concerns surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic. Deadline for paper submission is 29 June 2020. More information via sites.psu.edu/icsr2020/.
In May 2020 the media was interested in a video by Rocos showing a robot from Boston Dynamics trying to be a shepherd dog. You could see the artificial quadruped running towards a flock of sheep. “Now, it’s clear that the video is mostly a fun teaser rather than a serious claim by Rocos (or Boston Dynamics) that robots will soon be replacing sheepdogs.” (The Verge, 22 May 2020) According to the magazine, it does invite a tantalizing question: if that did happen, „how well would the robots fare“ (The Verge, 22 May 2020)? „Terrible“, is the straight answer of sheep farmer and author James Rebanks. „The robot might be an amazing tool for lots of things but it is worthless and unwanted as a sheepdog …“ (The Verge, 22 May 2020) However, the profession of shepherd is not everywhere in the world the dream of all boys and girls, and shepherd dogs do not fall from the sky. It is also not clear whether there is a big difference for the sheep and how positively or negatively they react to the machine. It is just as unclear whether lambs that have never met real dogs would be comfortable with it. This would have to be researched in animal psychology and social robotics and in disciplines such as animal-machine interaction, which are still in their infancy. Only then would one know whether the shepherd interviewed by the magazine is right.
The paper „Co-Robots as Care Robots“ by Oliver Bendel, Alina Gasser and Joel Siebenmann, accepted at the AAAI 2020 Spring Symposium „Applied AI in Healthcare: Safety, Community, and the Environment“, can be accessed via arxiv.org/abs/2004.04374. From the abstract: „Cooperation and collaboration robots, co-robots or cobots for short, are an integral part of factories. For example, they work closely with the fitters in the automotive sector, and everyone does what they do best. However, the novel robots are not only relevant in production and logistics, but also in the service sector, especially where proximity between them and the users is desired or unavoidable. For decades, individual solutions of a very different kind have been developed in care. Now experts are increasingly relying on co-robots and teaching them the special tasks that are involved in care or therapy. This article presents the advantages, but also the disadvantages of co-robots in care and support, and provides information with regard to human-robot interaction and communication. The article is based on a model that has already been tested in various nursing and retirement homes, namely Lio from F&P Robotics, and uses results from accompanying studies. The authors can show that co-robots are ideal for care and support in many ways. Of course, it is also important to consider a few points in order to guarantee functionality and acceptance.“ Due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the physical meeting to be held at Stanford University was postponed. It will take place in November 2020 in Washington (AAAI 2020 Fall Symposium Series).
Fig.: Lio at Rehaklinik Zihlschlacht (photo: Urs Jaudas/F&P Robotics)
Space travel includes travel and transport to, through and from space for civil or military purposes. The take-off on earth is usually done with a launch vehicle. The spaceship, like the lander, is manned or unmanned. The target can be the orbit of a celestial body, a satellite, planet or comet. Man has been to the moon several times, now man wants to go to Mars. The astronaut will not greet the robots that are already there as if he or she had been lonely for months. For on the spaceship he or she had been in the best of company. SPACE THEA spoke to him or her every day. When she noticed that he or she had problems, she changed her tone of voice, the voice became softer and happier, and what she said gave the astronaut hope again. How SPACE THEA really sounds and what she should say is the subject of a research project that will start in spring 2020 at the School of Business FHNW. Under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel, students will design a voicebot that shows empathy towards an astronaut. The scenario is a proposal that can also be rejected. Maybe in these times it is more important to have a virtual assistant for crises and catastrophes in case one is in isolation or quarantine. However, the project in the fields of social robotics and machine ethics is entitled THE EMPATHIC ASSISTANT IN SPACE (SPACE THEA). First results will be available by the end of 2021.
The first phase of the HUGGIE project will start at the School of Business FHNW in March 2020. Oliver Bendel was able to recruit two students from the International Management program. The project idea is to create a social robot that contributes directly to a good life and economic success by touching and hugging people and especially customers. HUGGIE should be able to warm up in some places, and it should be possible to change the materials it is covered with. A research question will be: What are the possibilities besides warmth and softness? Are optical stimuli (also on displays), vibrations, noises, voices etc. important for a successful hug? HUGGIE could also play a role in crises and disasters, in epidemics and pandemics and in cases of permanent social distancing. Of course it would be bad if only a robot would hug us, and of course it would be good if humans could hug us every day if we wanted them to do so – but maybe in extreme situations a hug by a robot is better than nothing. The HUGGIE project is located in the heart of social robotics and on the periphery of machine ethics. By summer 2020, the students will conduct an online survey to find out the attitudes and expectations of the users.
According to The Robot Report, Anki’s little robots might be making a comeback. Digital Dream Labs in Pittsburgh acquired the patents, trademarks, and domain. The start-up company „is planning to revive and manufacture more units of each product in the following order: Overdrive, Cozmo, Vector“ (The Robot Report, 26 December 2019). Digital Dream Labs founder H. Jacob Hanchar told The Robot Report „the goal is to have all three products available for purchase for Christmas 2020“ (The Robot Report, 26 December 2019). The small robots belong to the best that the industry has produced. What is special about Cozmo is the many emotions it can show (but of course doesn’t have). It also has face recognition and a night vision device. The future of it and its siblings is not yet clear, as Digital Dream Labs has not purchased „physical assets and inventory“ (The Robot Report, 26 December 2019). Fans are waiting and hoping.
