According to the WHO, hand hygiene saves millions of lives every year when done at the right time during healthcare. The World Day of Hand Hygiene was established by the organization and is celebrated on May 5th of each year. Dr. Amol Deshmukh is researching how children can be encouraged to wash their hands with the help of social robots. He presented his findings at the ICSR in Qatar in December 2023. The paper by him and his co-authors is entitled „Enhancing Hand Hygiene Practices Through a Social Robot-Assisted Intervention in a Rural School in India“. From the abstract: „This paper discusses pilot deployment of a social robot ‚WallBo‘ that investigated the effectiveness in promoting and encouraging handwashing practices among children in a rural school in India. The results suggest an overall 85.06% handwashing compliance, 51.60% improvement from the baseline handwashing compliance and an overall ~ 50% knowledge improvement about handwashing. We also present students’ perception about ‚WallBo‘ and feedback from the pupils and teachers.“ (Abstract) The chapter in the proceedings is available via link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-99-8715-3_21.
Fig.: Dr. Amol Deshmukh during his presentation at Qatar University
On January 29, 2024, the article „‚Ick bin een Berlina‘: dialect proficiency impacts a robot’s trustworthiness and competence evaluation“ was published in Frontiers in Robotics and AI. Authors are Katharina Kühne, Erika Herbold, Oliver Bendel, Yuefang Zhou, and Martin H. Fischer. With the exception of Oliver Bendel – who is a professor at the School of Business FHNW and an associated researcher in the PECoG group – all of them are members of the University of Potsdam. The paper says about the background: „Robots are increasingly used as interaction partners with humans. Social robots are designed to follow expected behavioral norms when engaging with humans and are available with different voices and even accents. Some studies suggest that people prefer robots to speak in the user’s dialect, while others indicate a preference for different dialects.“ The following results are mentioned: „We found a positive relationship between participants’ self-reported Berlin dialect proficiency and trustworthiness in the dialect-speaking robot. Only when controlled for demographic factors, there was a positive association between participants’ dialect proficiency, dialect performance and their assessment of robot’s competence for the standard German-speaking robot. Participants‘ age, gender, length of residency in Berlin, and device used to respond also influenced assessments. Finally, the robot’s competence positively predicted its trustworthiness.“ The article can be accessed at www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frobt.2023.1241519/full.
From March 27-29, 2023, the AAAI 2023 Spring Symposia featured the symposium „Socially Responsible AI for Well-being“ by Takashi Kido (Teikyo University, Japan) and Keiki Takadama (The University of Electro-Communications, Japan). This time the venue was exceptionally not Stanford University, but the Hyatt Regency SFO Airport. On March 28, Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel and Lea Peier presented their paper „How Can Bar Robots Enhance the Well-being of Guests?“. The paper has now been published as a preprint and can be downloaded via arxiv.org/abs/2304.14410. From the abstract: „This paper addresses the question of how bar robots can contribute to the well-being of guests. It first develops the basics of service robots and social robots. It gives a brief overview of which gastronomy robots are on the market. It then presents examples of bar robots and describes two models used in Switzerland. A research project at the School of Business FHNW collected empirical data on them, which is used for this article. The authors then discuss how the robots could be improved to increase the well-being of customers and guests and better address their individual wishes and requirements. Artificial intelligence can play an important role in this. Finally, ethical and social problems in the use of bar robots are discussed and possible solutions are suggested to counter these.“ More information on the conference via aaai.org/conference/spring-symposia/sss23/.
How do social robots emerge from simple, soft shapes? As part of their final thesis in 2021 at the School of Business FHNW, 23-year-old students Nhi Tran Hoang Yen and Thang Hoang Vu from Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam) have answered this question posed by their supervisor Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel. They have submitted eleven proposals for novel robots. The first is a pillow to which a tail has been added. Its name is Petanion, a portmanteau of „pet“ and „companion“. The tail could move like the tail of a cat or dog. In addition, the pillow could make certain sounds. It would be optimal if the tail movements were based on the behavior of the user. Thus, as desired, a social robot is created from a simple, soft form, in this case a pet substitute. Petanion is soft and cute and survives a long time. It can also be used if one has certain allergies or if there is not enough space or money in a household for a pet. Last but not least, the ecological balance is probably better – above all, the robot does not eat animals that come from factory farming. The inspiration may have been Qoobo, a pillow with a tail, designed to calm and to „heal the heart“. Panasonic also believes in robots that emerge from simple, soft forms. It promotes its new robot NICOBO as a „yowai robotto“, a “weak” robot that has hardly any functions or capabilities. The round, cute robot has two separate displays as eyes and a tail that it constantly moves. According to the company, it is aimed primarily at singles and the elderly. There could well be a high demand for it, even beyond the target groups.
Fig.: NICOBO in the arms of its owner (Photo: Panasonic)
During the first implementation of the elective module „Social Robots“ at the School of Business FHNW, orders were placed for Vector 2.0, the successor to Vector. After a year and a half, the company Digital Dream Labs has delivered the small social robot. The company had bought the rights from Anki, which had failed with its first versions of Cozmo and Vector, although they were very well made and sold a lot. Unlike its brother Cozmo, Vector listens to voice commands. The company writes on its website: „Say hey to Vector, the first home robot that will steal your heart, not your data. Smart right out of the box, Vector is more than a robot companion. Curious, independent and powered by AI and state-of-the-art robotics, he can read the room, share the weather forecast, set a timer (no overcooked dinner on his watch), take a snapshot and so much more. Vector is your sidekick who’s up for anything but mostly just wants to make you laugh.“ (Website DDL) About the robot’s technologies, the company writes: „Qualcomm 200 Platform, HD camera with 120 Ultra Wide FOV, Beamforming Four-Microphone Array, Infrared Laser Scanner, 6-Axis IMU, High-Res Color IPS Display, and WiFi connection.“ (Website DDL) The camera is connected with object recognition and face recognition, as in the case of Cozmo. Vector „can recognize people and objects while detecting and avoiding obstacles“ (Website DDL). The first impression is good. The companion robot is fast, agile, and funny. Edge detection works even on difficult surfaces like glass tables. The sounds are different from Cozmo, but also very appealing and cute. You have to formulate the voice commands very accurately. It helps if you are a native speaker of either American or British English. More Information via www.digitaldreamlabs.com/products/vector-robot.
Der 28. März 2023 war der zweite Tag des Symposiums „Socially Responsible AI for Well-being“ im Rahmen der AAAI 2023 Spring Symposia. Veranstaltungsort ist normalerweise die Stanford University. Aus personellen Gründen wurde die Konferenz in diesem Jahr ins Hyatt Regency in San Francisco verlegt. Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel von der Hochschule für Wirtschaft FHNW stellte am Morgen das Paper „Increasing Well-being through Robotic Hugs“ vor, das von ihm, Andrea Puljic, Robin Heiz, Furkan Tömen und Ivan De Paola verfasst wurde. Das Team hatte einen Umarmungsroboter namens HUGGIE gebaut und an über 130 Probanden getestet. Wärme und Weichheit – dies betonen auch Kuchenbecker und Block – sind wesentlich für die Akzeptanz. Stimme, Geruch und Herzschlag werden sehr unterschiedlich bewertet. Eine weibliche Stimme könnte die Akzeptanz bei einer Umarmung durch den Roboter verbessern. Danach hielten Lea Peier und er ihren Vortrag „How Can Bar Robots Enhance the Well-being of Guests?“. Sie gingen auf zwei Barroboter ein, die in der Schweiz im Betrieb sind bzw. waren. Informationen zur Konferenz sind über aaai.org/conference/spring-symposia/sss23/ erhältlich.
Abb.: Oliver Bendel bei seinem Vortrag zu Umarmungsrobotern (Foto: Lea Peier)
Xiaomi – a Chinese manufacturer of consumer electronics – introduced CyberOne in August 2022. It is a humanoid social robot. It has a head, but no face, and for that reason alone it looks creepy. The company writes on its website: „As the newest member of Xiaomi’s Cyber series, joining last year’s quadruped robot Cyberdog, CyberOne is fitted with advanced arms and legs, supports bipedal-motion posture balancing, and reaches a peak torque of up to 300Nm. Also demonstrated was the ability to detect human emotion, advanced vision capabilities, and functionality allowing it to create three-dimensional virtual reconstructions of the real world, alongside a host of other advanced technologies.“ (Xiaomi, August 11, 2022) Via www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJhneBJIfOk you can watch a video with CyberOne. Overall, the demonstration seems unconvincing. The missing face has already been mentioned. The robot makes sounds that are more appropriate for a small toy and entertainment robot. In addition, it moves stiffly and slowly. You can say that the list of uncanny robots has been expanded with CyberOne. Maybe the company can improve the prototype and make it more compelling.
British Filmmaker John Downer has created artificial monkeys, wolves, hippos, turtles, alligators, etc., to observe appropriate wildlife and obtain spectacular images. His well-known robots are very intricately designed and resemble the animals they mimic in almost every detail. It is not necessary to resort to such technically elaborate and artistically demanding means for all species. USA Today reports in a recent article about a robot called ECHO. „ECHO is a remote-controlled ground robot that silently spies on the emperor penguin colony in Atka Bay. The robot is being monitored by the Single Penguin Observation and Tracking observatory. Both the SPOT observatory, which is also remote-operated through a satellite link, and the ECHO robot capture photographs and videos of animal population in the Arctic.“ (USA Today, May 6, 2022) ECHO does not resemble a penguin in any way. It is a yellow vehicle with four thick wheels. But as a video shows, the animals seem to have gotten used to it. It comes very close to them without scaring them. Wildlife monitoring using robots is becoming increasingly important, and obviously very different types are being considered.
There are more and more robots being used in health care. Most of them are prototypes, some – like Lio and P-CARE from F&P Robotics – are products that are manufactured in small series. Machine ethics researches and creates moral machines. These are often guided by certain values or meta-rules, they follow predetermined rules, or they learn from situations and adapt their behavior. Michael Anderson and Susan L. Anderson presented their value-driven eldercare robot at the 2019 Berlin Colloquium by invitation of Oliver Bendel. The CARE-MOMO („MOMO“ stands for „morality module“) is a morality module for a robot in the manner of Lio. The idea is that the robot acquires clearly delimited moral abilities in addition to its usual abilities. The focus is to have it perform an act or speech act with high reliability based on a moral assumption or reasoning, with a clearly identifiable benefit to the caregiver or the care recipient. The initiators want to address a common problem in the nursing and care field. Marc Heimann could be recruited for the project at the School of Business FHNW. The supervisor is Oliver Bendel, who has been working with robots in the healthcare sector for ten years and has built numerous moral machines together with his teams.
Fig.: Another robot of the company (Photo: F&P Robotics)
Simple, soft shapes are everywhere. In our home environment you can find pillows, blankets, balls, bottles, clothes, etc. Robots are often expensive and complex. But couldn’t they be thought of in a completely different way? How could social robots emerge from simple, soft shapes? As part of their final thesis at the School of Business FHNW, Nhi Tran Hoang Yen and Thang Hoang Vu from Ho Chi Minh City have answered this question posed by their supervisor Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel. They have submitted eleven proposals for novel robots. All are shown on informationsethik.net. The sixth proposal is PossiCube, the cube of possibilities (go here to the previous). Possicube is an element that can be integrated into any simple soft shape. It transforms them into a simple social robot. For example, thanks to PossiCube, a teddy bear can perceive its environment and react to it with sounds or sentences. It would be ideal to be able to select different categories with different models. This would make it possible to robotize things in a simple and appropriate way. Two books by Oliver Bendel on social robots – „300 Keywords Soziale Robotik“ and „Soziale Roboter“ – will be published in October 2021.
Fig.: Possicube (image: Trần Hoàng Yến Nhi & Hoàng Vũ Thắng, Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, Việt Nam)
Simple, soft shapes are everywhere. In our home environment are pillows, blankets, balls, bottles, clothes, etc. Robots are often expensive and complex. But couldn’t they be thought of in a completely different way? How could social robots emerge from simple, soft shapes? As part of their final thesis at the School of Business FHNW, Nhi Tran Hoang Yen and Thang Hoang Vu from Ho Chi Minh City have answered this question posed by their supervisor Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel. They have submitted eleven proposals for novel robots. All are shown on informationsethik.net. The fifth proposal is Petball, a play ball for pets, especially dogs and cats (go here to the previous). It entertains them and keeps them moving. It can detect if an animal strays too far from the house and sound the alarm if necessary. Two books by Oliver Bendel on social robots – „300 Keywords Soziale Robotik“ and „Soziale Roboter“ – will be published in October 2021.
Fig.: Petball (image: Trần Hoàng Yến Nhi & Hoàng Vũ Thắng, Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, Việt Nam)
How do social robots emerge from simple, soft shapes? As part of their final thesis at the School of Business FHNW, Nhi Tran Hoang Yen and Thang Hoang Vu from Ho Chi Minh City have answered this question posed by their supervisor Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel. They have submitted eleven proposals for novel robots. All are shown on informationsethik.net. The fourth proposal is Snowee, a very cold robot that is created from a snowman (go here to the previous). In principle, a normal snowman is enough when the temperatures are low for a long time. The elements are integrated into the appropriate areas. When the snowman melts, they sometime lie on the ground and can be taken away. However, it is also possible to build a snowman with a framework that contributes to stability and holds the components in place. For example, Snowee can be placed in front of a hotel in Arosa or Davos to greet guests – with the blinking of its eyes, with arm movements and via its avatar on the smartphone – and inform them about the amenities of the facility and recreational opportunities. Two books by Oliver Bendel on social robots – „300 Keywords Soziale Robotik“ and „Soziale Roboter“ – will be published in October 2021.
Fig.: Snowee (image: Trần Hoàng Yến Nhi & Hoàng Vũ Thắng, Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, Việt Nam)
How do social robots emerge from simple, soft shapes? As part of their final thesis at the School of Business FHNW, Nhi Tran Hoang Yen and Thang Hoang Vu from Ho Chi Minh City have answered this question posed by their supervisor Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel. They have submitted eleven proposals for novel robots. All are shown on informationsethik.net. The third proposal is a variant of Hugvie, Ishiguro’s communication and hugging robot (go here to the previous). A pocket for a smartphone is attached to its head. People who are far away from each other can talk to each other and have the feeling of hugging and feeling each other. Hugvie has more feminine forms at the moment. At least this was the impression of the two students. But what if the human counterpart, who is far away, is a boy or a man? Then perhaps male forms would be more appropriate. The two students have called the possibility of gender variants of the communication and hugging robot „Gendering Hugvie“. Two books by Oliver Bendel on social robots – „300 Keywords Soziale Robotik“ and „Soziale Roboter“ – will be published in October 2021.
Fig.: Gendering Hugvie (image: Trần Hoàng Yến Nhi & Hoàng Vũ Thắng, Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, Việt Nam)
How do social robots emerge from simple, soft shapes? As part of their final thesis at the School of Business FHNW, 23-year-old students Nhi Tran Hoang Yen and Thang Hoang Vu from Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam) have answered this question posed by their supervisor Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel. They have submitted eleven proposals for novel robots. All are shown on informationsethik.net. The first is a pillow to which a tail has been added. Its name is Petanion. The tail could move like the tail of a cat or dog. In addition, the pillow could make certain sounds. It would be optimal if the tail movements were based on the behavior of the user. Thus, as desired, a social robot is created from a simple, soft form, in this case a pet substitute. Petanion is soft and cute and survives a long time. It can also be used if one has certain allergies or if there is not enough space or money in a household for a pet. Last but not least, the ecological balance is probably better – above all, the robot does not eat animals that come from factory farming. The inspiration may have been Qoobo, a pillow with a tail, designed to calm and to „heal the heart“. Two books by Oliver Bendel on social robots – „300 Keywords Soziale Robotik“ and „Soziale Roboter“ – will be published in October 2021.
Fig.: Petanion (image: Trần Hoàng Yến Nhi & Hoàng Vũ Thắng, Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, Việt Nam)
With Hugvie and Somnox Sleep Robot, researchers and companies has made it clear that it is possible to build simple, soft social robots that have a certain utility and impact. This raises hopes for social robotics, which is currently showing some progress, but is still developing slowly. Materials such as rubber and plastic can be used to make simple, soft social robots. These materials can be combined with existing devices such as smartphones and tablets on which you run certain applications, or with simple sensors and electronic components. The project or thesis, announced by Oliver Bendel at the School of Business FHNW, will first do research on the basics of simple, soft social robots. The work of Hiroshi Ishiguro and Alexis Block (with Katherine J. Kuchenbecker) will be included. Then, examples of implementation forms are mentioned and sketched. Their purpose and benefits are presented, as well as possible areas of application. One example is to be implemented, whereby speech abilities and sounds can be an option as well as vibration and electrical impulses. The reference to applications in the household, in public space or in the commercial sector should be established. The project will start in March 2021.
One year ago, The Robot Report reported that Anki’s little robots might be making a comeback. Digital Dream Labs in Pittsburgh acquired the patents, trademarks, and domain. The start-up company „is planning to revive and manufacture more units of each product in the following order: Overdrive, Cozmo, Vector“ (The Robot Report, 26 December 2019). Digital Dream Labs founder H. Jacob Hanchar told The Robot Report „the goal is to have all three products available for purchase for Christmas 2020“ (The Robot Report, 26 December 2019). Now it seems that pre-orders of Cozmo 2.0 are possible: „Cozmo is a fun, educational toy robot that you can be used to teach children the basics of coding. Whether he is performing tricks, exploring his environment or teaching coding, Cozmo is always full of personality. Pre-order your new Cozmo today for delivery as early as May 15th.“ (Website Digital Dream Labs) Cozmo and his friends belong to the best social robots that the industry has ever produced. What is special about Cozmo is the many emotions it can show (but of course doesn’t have). It also has face recognition and a night vision device. More information at www.digitaldreamlabs.com.
Space travel includes travel and transport to, through and from space for civil or military purposes. The take-off on earth is usually done with a launch vehicle. The spaceship, like the lander, is manned or unmanned. The target can be the orbit of a celestial body, a satellite, planet or comet. Man has been to the moon several times, now man wants to go to Mars. The astronaut will not greet the robots that are already there as if he or she had been lonely for months. For on the spaceship he or she had been in the best of company. SPACE THEA spoke to him or her every day. When she noticed that he or she had problems, she changed her tone of voice, the voice became softer and happier, and what she said gave the astronaut hope again. How SPACE THEA really sounds and what she should say is the subject of a research project that will start in spring 2020 at the School of Business FHNW. Under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel, students will design a voicebot that shows empathy towards an astronaut. The scenario is a proposal that can also be rejected. Maybe in these times it is more important to have a virtual assistant for crises and catastrophes in case one is in isolation or quarantine. However, the project in the fields of social robotics and machine ethics is entitled THE EMPATHIC ASSISTANT IN SPACE (SPACE THEA). First results will be available by the end of 2021.
The first phase of the HUGGIE project will start at the School of Business FHNW in March 2020. Oliver Bendel was able to recruit two students from the International Management program. The project idea is to create a social robot that contributes directly to a good life and economic success by touching and hugging people and especially customers. HUGGIE should be able to warm up in some places, and it should be possible to change the materials it is covered with. A research question will be: What are the possibilities besides warmth and softness? Are optical stimuli (also on displays), vibrations, noises, voices etc. important for a successful hug? HUGGIE could also play a role in crises and disasters, in epidemics and pandemics and in cases of permanent social distancing. Of course it would be bad if only a robot would hug us, and of course it would be good if humans could hug us every day if we wanted them to do so – but maybe in extreme situations a hug by a robot is better than nothing. The HUGGIE project is located in the heart of social robotics and on the periphery of machine ethics. By summer 2020, the students will conduct an online survey to find out the attitudes and expectations of the users.
