Scientists from The University of Tokyo have succeeded in applying living skin to a robot face. In their article „Perforation-type anchors inspired by skin ligament for robotic face covered with living skin“ they write: „Skin equivalent, a living skin model composed of cells and extracellular matrix, possesses the potential to be an ideal covering material for robots due to its biological functionalities. To employ skin equivalents as covering materials for robots, a secure method for attaching them to the underlying structure is required. In this study, we develop and characterize perforation-type anchors inspired by the structure of skin ligaments as a technique to effectively adhere skin equivalents to robotic surfaces. To showcase the versatility of perforation-type anchors in three-dimensional (3D) coverage applications, we cover a 3D facial mold with intricate surface structure with skin equivalent using perforation-type anchors. Furthermore, we construct a robotic face covered with dermis equivalent, capable of expressing smiles, with actuation through perforation-type anchors. With the above results, this research introduces an approach to adhere and actuate skin equivalents with perforation-type anchors, potentially contributing to advancements in biohybrid robotics.“ (Abstract) The result is an inverted or reversed cyborg. Oliver Bendel uses this term for technical structures that are supplemented with biological structures. It is also – another term used by Oliver Bendel – robot enhancement. There is no doubt that there will be more and more developments like this. Humans will become cyborgs, and robots will become reversed cyborgs.
Fig.: A robot woman with living skin (Image: Ideogram)
The last few years have seen the creation of a large number of quadruped and bipedal robots. Many have been inspired by Spot and Atlas from Boston Dynamics. These, in turn, can be traced back to Sparko and Elektro, which became famous around 1940. Atlas paved the way for the so-called general-purpose or universal robots that are now conquering the market, from H1 to Figure 01. They are not yet truly universal, but they are getting there. Most robotic quadrupeds don’t have a real head. A few talented hobbyists have produced their own with a 3D printer. This can be referred to as robot enhancement. Most robotic bipeds have a head that looks creepy or repulsive. This will be a key design problem in the coming years. It may be that people will quickly get used to ugly heads. But it would probably help with adoption and acceptance if the heads were nice to look at and had convincing facial expressions. After the huge technological advances that have been made in recent years, with new approaches to motor skills and the integration of speech models, what is needed most is a change in design.
Fig.: Robot heads can be designed very differently (Image: DALL-E 3)
Laptop manufacturer Lenovo launched the Lenovo Daystar robot in 2020. The design of the machine, with four wheels and a cobot on the back, was less than convincing. The latest development is different. The website ifdesign.com reports on the award winner: „Step into the forefront of industrial automation and public services with Lenovo Daystar Bot GS. The groundbreaking six-legged design guarantees unmatched stability and maneuverability that surpasses traditional robotic platforms, allowing it to traverse diverse terrains with ease.“ (iF DESIGN, 2024) The six legs are indeed unusual and a real eye-catcher. There is disagreement about the advantages. Perhaps the six legs provide more stability on stairs and very uneven terrain. The article continues: „Boasting an advanced control system, cutting-edge perception algorithms, and IP66 robust protection, GS outperforms in unforeseen scenarios, enabling comprehensive data collection at any location and time. In our unwavering pursuit of excellence, GS stands as a testament to innovation, efficiency, safety, and the boundless potential of automated exploration.“ (iF DESIGN, 2024) Interestingly, Lenovo itself has nothing to say about the product. However, the media are now reporting intensively. The next few months will bring more clarity about the Lenovo Daystar Bot GS.
On January 29, 2024, the article „‚Ick bin een Berlina‘: dialect proficiency impacts a robot’s trustworthiness and competence evaluation“ was published in Frontiers in Robotics and AI. Authors are Katharina Kühne, Erika Herbold, Oliver Bendel, Yuefang Zhou, and Martin H. Fischer. With the exception of Oliver Bendel – who is a professor at the School of Business FHNW and an associated researcher in the PECoG group – all of them are members of the University of Potsdam. The paper says about the background: „Robots are increasingly used as interaction partners with humans. Social robots are designed to follow expected behavioral norms when engaging with humans and are available with different voices and even accents. Some studies suggest that people prefer robots to speak in the user’s dialect, while others indicate a preference for different dialects.“ The following results are mentioned: „We found a positive relationship between participants’ self-reported Berlin dialect proficiency and trustworthiness in the dialect-speaking robot. Only when controlled for demographic factors, there was a positive association between participants’ dialect proficiency, dialect performance and their assessment of robot’s competence for the standard German-speaking robot. Participants‘ age, gender, length of residency in Berlin, and device used to respond also influenced assessments. Finally, the robot’s competence positively predicted its trustworthiness.“ The article can be accessed at www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frobt.2023.1241519/full.
Die 15th International Conference on Social Robotics (ICSR 2023) findet vom 3. bis 7. Dezember 2023 in Qatar statt. Sie steht unter der Schirmherrschaft des Premierministers und Außenministers, Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani. Zur Konferenz gehört eine Messe mit sozialen Robotern wie Einstein, NAO, Navel, Furhat und Paro. Der jungenhafte Roboter Navel lockte am 6. Dezember 2023 einige Besucher an, denn er ist ein neues Produkt einer Münchner Firma und bisher wenig in Erscheinung getreten. Für die ICSR 2023 wurde er mit einer Kopfbedeckung ausgestattet, die in Doha erstanden worden war. Eine solche Erweiterung und Verbesserung (hier mit Blick auf die kulturellen Gepflogenheiten) kann man als Robot Enhancement bezeichnen. Das Programm der Konferenz kann hier heruntergeladen werden. Weitere Informationen über icsr23.qa.
The Copernicus Science Centre’s exhibition „The Future is Now“ helps to face and understand the challenges of today’s world in all its complexity. „It shows different technological solutions and encourages to look at them in a critical way. It also takes notice of the relationships between our personal values and the values of others.“ (CSC website) The exhibition is divided into three parts. Two of them can already be visited: „Digital Brain?“ and „Mission: Earth“. The last part („Human 2.0“) is scheduled to open on 15 October 2024. Part of the „Digital Brain“ („#Relationships“) is BABYCLON, a robotic baby. According to the organizers, this will allow visitors to test the uncanny valley effect on themselves. „Are we ready to meet our machine lookalikes? Not really. It turns out that the more indistinguishable from humans a robot is, the weirder feelings it evokes. See for yourself if the ‚uncanny valley‘ effect works on you.“ (CSC website) This is not exactly what the uncanny valley thesis means. It is about very high expectations of very human-like robots, which are then disappointed by, for example, Sophie’s weird smile or BABYCLON’s strange behavior. More information at www.kopernik.org.pl/en/education-and-information-campaigns/exhibition-future-today.
Hawaiian Host is the largest manufacturer of chocolate-covered macadamias in the world, with millions of boxes of the treats distributed around the globe. According to its website, the company „combines premium ingredients – handcrafted milk chocolate, dark chocolate, Hawaiian honey, Kona coffee, to name a few – with dry-roasted macadamias to create its signature delights“ (Website Hawaiian Host). Hawaiian Host has now taken a big step forward in packaging. Watch a video of Chris Rabago getting his first look at Cama’s new equipment. The robot, which is protected by glass walls in the video, allows the chocolate-covered macadamias to be packaged at high speed in a small space. This is important because rental and construction costs in Honolulu are very high and factory expansions are difficult and expensive. It’s actually several robots working together – it’s very effective and looks fascinating. How many workers this new level of automation will replace is unknown.
Mauna Kea volcano is the highest mountain in the world, measured from the bottom of the sea. It is considered a sacred place in the culture of Hawai’i. In this context, the famous and important telescopes on the top are always the cause of bitter disputes. The operation of drones is also not allowed on the mountain. However, a small robot made it on it in 2008. This was reported by several media outlets, including Science Daily. „During the field experiment, Nov. 1-13, the robot called Scarab will simulate a lunar mission to extract water, hydrogen, oxygen and other compounds that could potentially be mined for use by future lunar explorers. The four-wheeled robot will trek to different sites, using a Canadian-built drill to obtain a one-meter geologic core at each site. Each core will be chemically analyzed by on-board instruments developed by NASA.“ (Science Daily, 14 October 2008) After that, it became increasingly difficult for robots to climb Mauna Kea. It is easier for scientists and tourists, who only need 4-wheel drive and robust health.
Fig.: Oliver Bendel on the top of Mauna Kea with a few snowflakes (Photo: Stefanie Hauske)
The west coast of the Big Island is known for its beautiful white sandy beaches and coral reefs, from Honomalino Beach in the south to Hapuna beach in the north. It is now threatened by climate change, drought, fire, invasive species, and human impact. The region of Hawai’i has been classified as a vulnerable ecosystem zone. A Boeing Company describes these dangers on its website and has developed technology to counteract the dangers. The Liquid Robotics Support Operations Test and Evaluation Facility in Kawaihae, Hawai’i is the main hub for Wave Glider development, ocean testing, and regional operations, as well as the birthplace of the Wave Glider. The Wave Glider sits on the surface and is connected to another device floating in the water eight meters below it. The two look like mother whale and baby whale, except baby whale is a little off. The Wave Glider is capable of collecting and communicating ocean data in real time through unpredictable conditions for up to a year. It connects and communicates undersea data to satellites and land, creating an ocean network. The Wave Glider is designed to support a wide variety of sensors and payloads. The modular and adaptable payload design is coupled with a powerful solar power system and on-board computing environment.
The K5, a security robot, comes from Knightscope in Silicon Valley. It can be seen there regularly. It provides, e.g., security at the Stanford Shopping Center. The conical robot is autonomous. It can see, hear, and even smell smoke and gas. The classic security robot also made it to Hawaii (Hawaiian: Hawai’i), for the first time in 2021, according to the Khon2 platform: „There is a new security guard getting a lot of attention at the Financial Plaza of the Pacific in downtown Honolulu, but it is not what you would think — it is actually a robot and the newest member of Bank of Hawaii’s security force. It looks like something out of a sci-fi movie – only it is actually real. Currently, the security robot is patrolling the busy area in and around the Bank of Hawaii’s Financial Plaza on Bishop and Merchant streets. For many people, the robot is a curiosity – attracting lots of odd looks – with some people capturing video and even posing for selfies. But many others, like Nasir Randall, are not quite sure what to make of it.“ (Khon2, 28 October 2021) Security robots, along with cleaning robots and transport robots, are among the service robots that are largely error-free and already saving money. Over the next few years, they are likely to become widely used and accepted around the world.
Fig.: The K5 could also guard the Kona Joe coffee plantation on the Big Island
„Researchers at Columbia Engineering have demonstrated a highly dexterous robot hand, one that combines an advanced sense of touch with motor learning algorithms in order to achieve a high level of dexterity.“ (Website Columbia Engineering, 28 April 2023) Columbia Engineering reported this on its website on April 28, 2023. The text goes on to say: „As a demonstration of skill, the team chose a difficult manipulation task: executing an arbitrarily large rotation of an unevenly shaped grasped object in hand while always maintaining the object in a stable, secure hold. This is a very difficult task because it requires constant repositioning of a subset of fingers, while the other fingers have to keep the object stable. Not only was the hand able to perform this task, but it also did it without any visual feedback whatsoever, based solely on touch sensing.“ (Website Columbia Engineering, 28 April 2023) „While our demonstration was on a proof-of-concept task, meant to illustrate the capabilities of the hand, we believe that this level of dexterity will open up entirely new applications for robotic manipulation in the real world“, said Matei Ciocarlie according to the website. He is the Associate Professor in the Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science who developed the hand together with his graduate student Gagan Khandate.
During the first implementation of the elective module „Social Robots“ at the School of Business FHNW, orders were placed for Vector 2.0, the successor to Vector. After a year and a half, the company Digital Dream Labs has delivered the small social robot. The company had bought the rights from Anki, which had failed with its first versions of Cozmo and Vector, although they were very well made and sold a lot. Unlike its brother Cozmo, Vector listens to voice commands. The company writes on its website: „Say hey to Vector, the first home robot that will steal your heart, not your data. Smart right out of the box, Vector is more than a robot companion. Curious, independent and powered by AI and state-of-the-art robotics, he can read the room, share the weather forecast, set a timer (no overcooked dinner on his watch), take a snapshot and so much more. Vector is your sidekick who’s up for anything but mostly just wants to make you laugh.“ (Website DDL) About the robot’s technologies, the company writes: „Qualcomm 200 Platform, HD camera with 120 Ultra Wide FOV, Beamforming Four-Microphone Array, Infrared Laser Scanner, 6-Axis IMU, High-Res Color IPS Display, and WiFi connection.“ (Website DDL) The camera is connected with object recognition and face recognition, as in the case of Cozmo. Vector „can recognize people and objects while detecting and avoiding obstacles“ (Website DDL). The first impression is good. The companion robot is fast, agile, and funny. Edge detection works even on difficult surfaces like glass tables. The sounds are different from Cozmo, but also very appealing and cute. You have to formulate the voice commands very accurately. It helps if you are a native speaker of either American or British English. More Information via www.digitaldreamlabs.com/products/vector-robot.
Xiaomi – a Chinese manufacturer of consumer electronics – introduced CyberOne in August 2022. It is a humanoid social robot. It has a head, but no face, and for that reason alone it looks creepy. The company writes on its website: „As the newest member of Xiaomi’s Cyber series, joining last year’s quadruped robot Cyberdog, CyberOne is fitted with advanced arms and legs, supports bipedal-motion posture balancing, and reaches a peak torque of up to 300Nm. Also demonstrated was the ability to detect human emotion, advanced vision capabilities, and functionality allowing it to create three-dimensional virtual reconstructions of the real world, alongside a host of other advanced technologies.“ (Xiaomi, August 11, 2022) Via www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJhneBJIfOk you can watch a video with CyberOne. Overall, the demonstration seems unconvincing. The missing face has already been mentioned. The robot makes sounds that are more appropriate for a small toy and entertainment robot. In addition, it moves stiffly and slowly. You can say that the list of uncanny robots has been expanded with CyberOne. Maybe the company can improve the prototype and make it more compelling.
There are several robot restaurants and cafes in Asia. In some there are really robots, in others only the topic is taken up. SoftBank Robotics announced in autumn 2019 that it will operate a cafe in Tokyo. The humanoid robot Pepper is to play a major role in this. But people will not disappear. They will of course be guests, but also, as in the traditional establishments of this kind, waitresses and waiters. At least that’s what ZDNET reports. „The cafe, called Pepper Parlor, will utilise both human and robot staff to serve customers, and marks the company’s first time operating a restaurant or cafe.“ (ZDNET, 13 September 2019) According to SoftBank Robotics, the aim is „to create a space where people can easily experience the coexistence of people and robots and enjoy the evolution of robots and the future of living with robots“. „We want to make robots not only for convenience and efficiency, but also to expand the possibilities of people and bring happiness.“ (ZDNET, 13 September 2019) This opens up new career opportunities for the little robot, which recognizes and shows emotions, and which listens and talks and is trained in high-five. It has long since left its family’s lap, it can be found in shopping malls and nursing homes. Now it will be serving waffles in a cafe in Tokyo.
Robots have no rights from a philosophical and ethical point of view and cannot currently get any rights. You only have such rights if you can feel or suffer, if you have a consciousness or a will to live. Accordingly, animals can have certain rights, stones cannot. Only human beings have human rights. Certain animals can be granted basic rights, such as chimpanzees or gorillas. But to grant these animals human rights makes no sense. They are not human beings. If one day robots can feel or suffer, if they have a consciousness or a will to live, they must be granted rights. However, Oliver Bendel does not see any way to get there at the moment. According to him, one could at best develop „reverse cyborgs“, i.e. let brain and nerve cells grow on technical structures (or in a robot). Such reverse or inverted cyborgs might at some point feel something. The newspaper Daily Star dealt with this topic on 28 December 2018. The article can be accessed via www.dailystar.co.uk/news/latest-news/748890/robots-ai-human-rights-legal-status-eu-proposal.
In a café in Hanoi, a robot named Mortar is now working. „The robot … is 1.3m tall and weighs 20kg. It can move himself, bring drinks to guests, avoid obstacles. The magnetic sensor will help Robot Mortar detect a tract to follow. When a customer orders a drink, the cafe staff will prepare and place the tray on the robot’s hands, choose the table number so it can find the way to the table. The robot can say simple simple sentence such as ‚Let’s drink, please‘, or more humorous if encountered object ‚boiling water, boiling water, give way to me, please‘ … (Website The News) Another interesting point is, according to the news portal, „that the robot can also express the state of blushing and also blink of an eye which is bringing a lot of customer to the coffee shop“. Mortar is another example of a service robot in public space.
Selfies sind ein Trend. Von dem viele bereits genug haben. Der aber viel über uns und unsere Zeit aussagt. Und der vielleicht produktiv genutzt werden kann. Normalerweise machen Menschen diese Bilder mit Hilfe von Smartphones und Digitalkameras und stellen sie in soziale Netzwerke, Blogs und Microblogs sowie auf Bilderplattformen. Was wäre, wenn Roboter von sich Selfies anfertigen würden? Wozu wäre das gut? Wohin könnte das führen? Und ist das überhaupt neu? Diesen Fragen geht Oliver Bendel in einem Artikel nach, der im April 2014 in der ICTkommunikation erschienen ist. Auch die Informationsethik ist in diesem Zusammenhang gefragt, etwa wenn der Roboter beim Anfertigen der Selfies seine Umgebung einfängt.
Buridans Esel ist in der ursprünglichen Version von Aristoteles ein Mann, der zwischen Speis und Trank verenden muss, weil er genauso hungrig wie durstig ist. Schon dieser Mann ist offensichtlich ein Esel, weil er sich nicht zwischen verschiedenen Dingen mit gleichen Reizen entscheiden kann. Buridan selbst, der zu Unrecht als Urheber des Gleichnisses gilt, spricht von einem Wanderer und einem Segler, in einem Kommentar zu einem Text des alten Griechen auch von einem Hund, der zwei Lebensmittel – um es frei zu übertragen – ratlos beäugt und beschnuppert. Das Grautier haben vermutlich die Gegner des Philosophen und Physikers aus dem 14. Jahrhundert erfunden, um die vermeintliche Eselei zu veranschaulichen. Es handelt sich aber keineswegs um eine solche, sondern um ein Gedankenexperiment, das bis heute von Interesse und Bedeutung ist. Dieses Experiment wird im Artikel „Buridans Robot“ von Oliver Bendel in der modernen Welt durchgeführt. Es geht um maschinelle Dilemmata und mögliche Lösungsstrategien. Der Artikel ist am 20. November 2013 bei Telepolis erschienen.
