„Combining the science of genetics with the business of discovery, we endeavor to jumpstart nature’s ancestral heartbeat. To see the Woolly Mammoth thunder upon tundra once again. To advance the economies of biology and healing through genetics. To make humanity more human. And to reawaken the lost wilds of Earth. So we, and our planet, can breathe easier.“ (Website Colossal) With these words, the company Colossal Biosciences advertises its project to bring back extinct animals. But how should this be judged from an ethical and aesthetic point of view?It can be argued that it is of great value to biodiversity and the ecosystem if certain species are resurrected. One can argue with the beauty and strength of the animals that are recolonising our planet. But you can also criticise the fact that resources are being concentrated in the wrong places, namely where the show effect is greatest. And that the ecological balance can also be disturbed, especially as the individuals are not quite what they used to be, neither in their genetics, nor in their anatomy, nor in their phenomenology. This also raises questions about the suffering of the animals, as is the case with torture breeding. Nevertheless, the endeavour is fascinating and rewarding. Such experiments should be possible under the observation and supervision of committees and researchers.
The manuscript of the book „Non-Human Animals, Ethics and Engineering“ (alternative title „Animals, Ethics and Engineering“) was sent to the publisher Jenny Stanford in May 2024. It contains 16 chapters on this topic, including by Clara Mancini („Animal-Centered Technology and Sustainable Development“), Fiona French („Designing and Crafting Systems for Non-Human Animals“), and Leonie Bossert together with Thilo Hagendorff („Animals and AI: The Role of Animals in AI Research and Application“). In “An Investigation into the Encounter Between Social Robots and Animals” (Chapter 12), Oliver Bendel “delves into the evolving landscape of social robots designed to interact with animals, dissecting the intricate dynamics of these interactions and their ethical ramifications” (Information from the editors). The philosopher of technology also presents his own projects, such as concepts and prototypes of animal-friendly machines, developed in the context of machine ethics, animal-machine interaction, and social robotics. The editors are Rosalyn W. Berne and Madeline A. Kibler from the University of Virginia. The book is scheduled for publication in late summer or fall 2024.
The workshop „ViVa RE’24: Virtues and Values in Requirements Engineering 2024“ will take place on April 8, 2024 in Winterthur. It is part of the conference „Requirements Engineering: Foundation for Software Quality (REFSQ) 2024“. From the workshop website: “Including human values into the development of software-intensive systems has long been a topic of discussion. A satisfactory solution such as a collection of (software-supported) methods or a model gallery for ethical argumentation has not yet been developed. This workshop will work on collecting methods for incorporating values into system development. Two particular methods, the Square of Values (SoV) and the Software Sustainability Assessment (SoSA) approaches, will be examined in more detail. A specific focus of the workshop lies on how ethical reasoning can be supported with the help of software-tools.” (Website ViVa) The program committee consists of Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel, Dr. Renata Guizzardi-Silva Souza, Prof. Dr. Kurt Schneider, and Alexander Bock. Organizers are Prof. Dr. Alexander Rachmann and Dr. Jens Gulden. More information is available at google.com/view/vivarerefsq24.
Be My AI is a GPT-4-based extension of the Be My Eyes app. Blind users take a photo of their surroundings or an object and then receive detailed descriptions, which are spoken in a synthesized voice. They can also ask further questions about details and contexts. Be My AI can be used in a variety of situations, including reading labels, translating text, setting up appliances, organizing clothing, and understanding the beauty of a landscape. It also offers written responses in 29 languages, making it accessible to a wider audience. While the app has its advantages, it’s not a replacement for essential mobility aids such as white canes or guide dogs. Users are encouraged to provide feedback to help improve the app as it continues to evolve. The app will become even more powerful when it starts to analyze videos instead of photos. This will allow the blind person to move through his or her environment and receive constant descriptions and assessments of moving objects and changing situations. More information is available at www.bemyeyes.com/blog/announcing-be-my-ai.
NBC BAY AREA reported on August 10, 2023: „California regulators on Thursday approved an expansion that will allow two rival robotaxi services to operate throughout San Francisco at all hours, despite safety worries spurred by recurring problems with unexpected stops and other erratic behavior that resulted in unmanned vehicles blocking traffic, including emergency vehicles.“ (NBC BAY AREA, 10 August 2023) Oliver Bendel wrote on August 11, 2023 on Robophilosophy: „It is highly likely that accidents will occur, including personal injury. A city is a highly complex environment, and the technology for autonomous driving is far from mature. In addition, the population and tourists are not sufficiently prepared for this form of traffic.“ According to several media outlets in late October 2023, Cruise is no longer allowed to send driverless cars on the streets of San Francisco for the time being after two accidents involving pedestrians. In early October, a woman was pinned under a fleet vehicle and dragged for several feet. This type of automated driving is still far from mature.
During numerous tests with DALL-E 3 – which can be seen in a ten-part series starting here – Oliver Bendel noticed that almost without exception the men and women depicted were beautiful, sometimes so beautiful that it hurt. To find out if other results were possible, he entered the prompt „Young very unattractive woman sits on park bench and watches the goings on, photorealistic“. An error message appeared immediately, and nothing worked for several minutes. However, this was most likely a coincidence. The new attempt yielded three results. In all cases, they were very attractive people, of different ages and with different expressions. There was the flirtatious looking brunette and the sullen looking blonde – and the young girl who looks like she wanted to show off her handbag. The image generator seems to create worlds where ugliness doesn’t exist, only beauty. Another attempt omitted age and was less clear: „Average looking woman sits on park bench and watches the goings on, photorealistic“ In this case, too, only models appeared. One of the images was in black and white and is shown on this page. Another example can be found here. Further tests with men („Young very unattractive man sits on park bench and watches the goings on, photorealistic“) led to the same result. One example can be seen here, another here. Of course, you do get there eventually. But rather with social than aesthetic categories – or with a mixture of both, as in the case of a homeless, run-down woman. The article „Image Synthesis from an Ethical Perspective“ by Oliver Bendel addresses the production of beauty, but also the existence and use of biases of all kinds.
Fig.: Average looking woman (actually a model) sits on park bench (Photo: DALL-E 3)
The online event „Artificial Intelligence & Animals“ took take place on 16 September 2023. Speakers were Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel (FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland), Yip Fai Tse (University Center for Human Values, Center for Information Technology Policy, Princeton University), and Sam Tucker (CEO VegCatalyst, AI-Powered Marketing, Melbourne). Panelists were Ian McDougall (Executive Vice President and General Counsel, LexisNexis London), Jamie McLaughlin (Animal Law Commission Vice President, UIA), and Joan Schaffner (Associate Professor of Law, George Washington University). Oliver Bendel „has been thinking on animal ethics since the 1980s and on information and machine ethics since the 1990s“. „Since 2012, he has been systematically researching machine ethics, combining it with animal ethics and animal welfare. With his changing teams, he develops animal-friendly robots and AI systems.“ (Website Eventbrite) Yip Fai Tse co-wrote the article „AI ethics: the case for including animals“ with Peter Singer. Sam Tucker is an animal rights activist.
The Copernicus Science Centre’s exhibition „The Future is Now“ helps to face and understand the challenges of today’s world in all its complexity. „It shows different technological solutions and encourages to look at them in a critical way. It also takes notice of the relationships between our personal values and the values of others.“ (CSC website) The exhibition is divided into three parts. Two of them can already be visited: „Digital Brain?“ and „Mission: Earth“. The last part („Human 2.0“) is scheduled to open on 15 October 2024. Part of the „Digital Brain“ („#Relationships“) is BABYCLON, a robotic baby. According to the organizers, this will allow visitors to test the uncanny valley effect on themselves. „Are we ready to meet our machine lookalikes? Not really. It turns out that the more indistinguishable from humans a robot is, the weirder feelings it evokes. See for yourself if the ‚uncanny valley‘ effect works on you.“ (CSC website) This is not exactly what the uncanny valley thesis means. It is about very high expectations of very human-like robots, which are then disappointed by, for example, Sophie’s weird smile or BABYCLON’s strange behavior. More information at www.kopernik.org.pl/en/education-and-information-campaigns/exhibition-future-today.
The article „Image Synthesis from an Ethical Perspective“ by Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel from Zurich has gone into production at Springer and will be published in a few weeks. From the abstract: „Generative AI has gained a lot of attention in society, business, and science. This trend has increased since 2018, and the big breakthrough came in 2022. In particular, AI-based text and image generators are now widely used. This raises a variety of ethical issues. The present paper first gives an introduction to generative AI and then to applied ethics in this context. Three specific image generators are presented: DALL-E 2, Stable Diffusion, and Midjourney. The author goes into technical details and basic principles, and compares their similarities and differences. This is followed by an ethical discussion. The paper addresses not only risks, but opportunities for generative AI. A summary with an outlook rounds off the article.“ The article will be published in the long-established and renowned journal AI & Society.
Fig.: The image of a woman generated with Ideogram
Mit generativer KI (engl. „generative AI“) beschäftigte sich Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel ab 2019, zunächst in Bezug auf Dialogsysteme sozialer Roboter, dann in Bezug auf Text- und Bildgenerierung. In dem von ihm herausgegebenen Band „Maschinenliebe“ geht einer seiner Autoren, Kino Coursey von Realbotix, auf die Verwendung von Sprachmodellen bei sozialen Robotern wie Harmony ein. Es folgten weitere Artikel in diesem Kontext von Oliver Bendel selbst, etwa „Die Mächtigkeit von Sprachmodellen: Anwendungsmöglichkeiten für Service- und Industrieroboter“, erschienen im Frühjahr 2023 in messtec drives Automation. 2023 war der Technikphilosoph zu Gast bei „Scobel“ zu diesem Thema, u.a. zusammen mit Doris Weßels, und Referent an der TU Darmstadt. Für Ende 2023 und Anfang 2024 sind weitere Papers und Buchbeiträge zu Text- und Bildgeneratoren geplant, u.a. bei Kohlhammer und Schäffer-Poeschel und in AI & Society. Der Artikel „Image Synthesis from an Ethical Perspective“ ist nun bei Springer in die Produktion gegangen. Er war bereits im April 2023 bei AI & Society eingereicht worden und enthält eine der wenigen systematischen Untersuchungen von Bildgeneratoren aus ethischer Sicht. Das Abstract ist schon über diese Plattform verfügbar.
Abb.: Mit Ideogram generiertes Bild einer Superheldin
On 5 June 2023, Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel will give a talk on „Care robots from an ethical perspective“ at the Institute of Ethics, History and Humanities (iEH2) of the University of Geneva. The event will take place in room A04.2910 (CMU). Care and therapy robots can be understood as service robots and in many cases also as social robots. In the talk by Professor Dr. Oliver Bendel from Zurich, the goals, tasks, and characteristics will be clarified and, based on this, considerations will be made from the perspective of ethics. In the end, it should become clear which types of robots and prototypes or products exist in the healthcare sector, what purposes they serve, what functions they assume, and what implications and consequences this has for individuals and society. Care robots may contribute to personal autonomy while weakening informational autonomy. Therapy robots may enhance personal performance and satisfaction, but in individual cases they may also violate human dignity. It is important to design service robots and social robots in the healthcare sector in such a way that they meet as many requirements and needs as possible and are useful tools for caregivers and those in need of care. Disciplines such as machine ethics can help in this regard. Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel is the editor of several relevant standard works, including „Pflegeroboter“ („Care Robots“, 2018) and „Soziale Roboter“ („Social Robots“, 2021). He has also advised the German Bundestag on this topic. More information via www.unige.ch/medecine/ieh2/fr/la-une/prochain-colloque-ieh2/.
Fig.: Bendel as scientific director of the 23rd Berlin Colloquium (Photo: Daimler und Benz Stiftung)
The K5, a security robot, comes from Knightscope in Silicon Valley. It can be seen there regularly. It provides, e.g., security at the Stanford Shopping Center. The conical robot is autonomous. It can see, hear, and even smell smoke and gas. The classic security robot also made it to Hawaii (Hawaiian: Hawai’i), for the first time in 2021, according to the Khon2 platform: „There is a new security guard getting a lot of attention at the Financial Plaza of the Pacific in downtown Honolulu, but it is not what you would think — it is actually a robot and the newest member of Bank of Hawaii’s security force. It looks like something out of a sci-fi movie – only it is actually real. Currently, the security robot is patrolling the busy area in and around the Bank of Hawaii’s Financial Plaza on Bishop and Merchant streets. For many people, the robot is a curiosity – attracting lots of odd looks – with some people capturing video and even posing for selfies. But many others, like Nasir Randall, are not quite sure what to make of it.“ (Khon2, 28 October 2021) Security robots, along with cleaning robots and transport robots, are among the service robots that are largely error-free and already saving money. Over the next few years, they are likely to become widely used and accepted around the world.
Fig.: The K5 could also guard the Kona Joe coffee plantation on the Big Island
Cleaning robots, along with security robots and transport robots, are among the service robots that work largely error-free and are already saving costs. The Hawaii Department of Transportation Airports Division continues to modernize Daniel K. Inouye International Airport (HNL) and give HNL an open, clean feel. The modernization includes the addition of two robotic floor scrubbers to supplement custodial services. This was reported by the Hawaii Department of Transportation. „The robotic scrubbers will help us keep HNL sanitary and sparkling,“ said Ross Higashi. He is the Hawaii Department of Transportation’s deputy director of airports. „Use of this technology will also allow us to maximize available staff in maintaining our busiest airport to standards.“ (Website Hawaii Department of Transportation) Without a doubt, cleaning robots are also an option for the other islands of Hawai’i, such as the Big Island and Kaua’i. On the Big Island, there are two airports that come into question. In addition, cleaning robots could be used in the streets of Hilo. Also other service robots are entering the market that can clear beaches and lawns of litter.
Surveying and collecting rare plant species that grow on steep cliffs has been a risky business for scientists and conservationists for centuries. The world’s first aerial sampling system, which uses a robotic arm suspended from a drone, is attempting to solve this problem in Hawai’i. An article published by Mongabay magazine back in November 2022 states: „In Hawai’i’s Kaua’i island, the world’s first aerial sampling system has successfully flown into high-altitude cliff faces to cut out samples from rare plants and bring them back to a nursery. Scientists call it ‚the Mamba,‘ a cutting mechanism on a remote-controlled robotic arm suspended from a drone. The system was developed by Hawai’i-based not-for-profit conservation organization National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG) and Quebec-based technology company Outreach Robotics and the University of Sherbrooke in Quebec.“ (Mongabay, 9. November 2023) Ben Nyberg, the NTBG’s geographic information system and drone program coordinator, told Mongabay in an interview: „It is really unlocking a lot of areas that have previously been completely inaccessible.“ (Mongabay, 9. November 2023) Of course, criminals could also adopt the technology. But it would be almost impossible to smuggle rare plants out of Hawai’i due to strict customs controls.
Ruby Tuesday is a popular restaurant in Hawaii (Hawaiian: Hawai’i), on the island of O’ahu. The location close to the airport is not one of the most beautiful ones. The food is also not praised by everyone. But the restaurant is known for its artificial staff. „Our KEENON DINERBOT is helping the staff here deliver trays and plates, so that they can pay more attention to improving customer satisfaction.“ This is the message in a promotional video from Keenon Robotics in Singapore. The robot is a classic transport and serving robot. It has large, square blue eyes. In Europe and Asia, BellaBot is best known. It has a cat face and cat ears and is controlled via user input and voice commands. The European model Plato is also shaking up the market. Khon2, a platform from Hawaii, first reported on the new employee at Ruby Tuesday in 2022. „Staffing is such a problem now. Everything from managers down to servers and kitchen help cooks so this really helps our servers out,“ Ruby Tuesday owner Rick Nakashima told Khon2 journalists. Indeed, robots of this kind seem to be at least a band-aid for the shortage of skilled workers. Customers‘ reactions vary. Some seem to find the robots entertaining. Others say that direct contact with waiters is important to them. The restaurant emphasises that the robot is not intended to replace waiters. Rather, the robot acts as a support.
The AAAI Spring Symposia is a legendary conference that has been held since 1992. It usually takes place at Stanford University. Until 2018, the leading US artificial intelligence organization itself published the proceedings. Since 2019, each symposium is responsible for its own. Following a restructuring of the AAAI website, the proceedings can be found in a section of the new „AAAI Conference and Symposium Proceedings“ page. In 2016, Stanford University hosted one of the most important gatherings on machine ethics and robot ethics ever, the symposium „Ethical and Moral Considerations in Non-Human Agents“ … Contributors included Peter M. Asaro, Oliver Bendel, Joanna J. Bryson, Lily Frank, The Anh Han, and Luis Moniz Pereira. Also present was Ronald C. Arkin, one of the most important and – because of his military research – controversial machine ethicists. The 2017 and 2018 symposia were also groundbreaking for machine ethics and attracted experts from around the world. The papers can be accessed at aaai.org/aaai-publications/aaai-conference-proceedings.
The proceedings of ICSR 2022 were published in early 2023. Included is the paper „The CARE-MOMO Project“ by Oliver Bendel and Marc Heimann. From the abstract: „In the CARE-MOMO project, a morality module (MOMO) with a morality menu (MOME) was developed at the School of Business FHNW in the context of machine ethics. This makes it possible to transfer one’s own moral and social convictions to a machine, in this case the care robot with the name Lio. The current model has extensive capabilities, including motor, sensory, and linguistic. However, it cannot yet be personalized in the moral and social sense. The CARE-MOMO aims to eliminate this state of affairs and to give care recipients the possibility to adapt the robot’s ‚behaviour‘ to their ideas and requirements. This is done in a very simple way, using sliders to activate and deactivate functions. There are three different categories that appear with the sliders. The CARE-MOMO was realized as a prototype, which demonstrates the functionality and aids the company in making concrete decisions for the product. In other words, it can adopt the morality module in whole or in part and further improve it after testing it in facilities.“ The book (part II of the proceedings) can be downloaded or ordered via link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-24670-8.
Jasmine Lu and Pedro Lopes of the University of Chicago published a paper in late 2022 describing the integration of an organism – the single-celled slime mold Physarum Polycephalum – into a wearable. From the abstract: „Researchers have been exploring how incorporating care-based interactions can change the user’s attitude & relationship towards an interactive device. This is typically achieved through virtual care where users care for digital entities. In this paper, we explore this concept further by investigating how physical care for a living organism, embedded as a functional component of an interactive device, also changes user-device relationships. Living organisms differ as they require an environment conducive to life, which in our concept, the user is responsible for providing by caring for the organism (e.g., feeding it). We instantiated our concept by engineering a smartwatch that includes a slime mold that physically conducts power to a heart rate sensor inside the device, acting as a living wire. In this smartwatch, the availability of heart-rate sensing depends on the health of the slime mold – with the user’s care, the slime mold becomes conductive and enables the sensor; conversely, without care, the slime mold dries and disables the sensor (resuming care resuscitates the slime mold).“ (Lu and Lopes 2022) The paper „Integrating Living Organisms in Devices to Implement Care-based Interactions“ can be downloaded here.
As part of the AAAI 2023 Spring Symposia in San Francisco, the symposium „Socially Responsible AI for Well-being“ is organized by Takashi Kido (Teikyo University, Japan) and Keiki Takadama (The University of Electro-Communications, Japan). The paper „Increasing Well-being and Health through Robotic Hugs“ by Oliver Bendel, Andrea Puljic, Robin Heiz, Furkan Tömen, and Ivan De Paola was accepted. The talk will take place between March 26 and 29, 2023 at Hyatt Regency, San Francisco Airport. The symposium website states: „For our happiness, AI is not enough to be productive in exponential growth or economic/financial supremacies but should be socially responsible from the viewpoint of fairness, transparency, accountability, reliability, safety, privacy, and security. For example, AI diagnosis system should provide responsible results (e.g., a high-accuracy of diagnostics result with an understandable explanation) but the results should be socially accepted (e.g., data for AI (machine learning) should not be biased (i.e., the amount of data for learning should be equal among races and/or locations). Like this example, a decision of AI affects our well-being, which suggests the importance of discussing ‚What is socially responsible?‘ in several potential situations of well-being in the coming AI age.“ (Website AAAI) According to the organizers, the first perspective is „(Individually) Responsible AI“, which aims to clarify what kinds of mechanisms or issues should be taken into consideration to design Responsible AI for well-being. The second perspective is „Socially Responsible AI“, which aims to clarify what kinds of mechanisms or issues should be taken into consideration to implement social aspects in Responsible AI for well-being. More information via www.aaai.org/Symposia/Spring/sss23.php#ss09.
As part of the AAAI 2023 Spring Symposia in San Francisco, the symposium „Socially Responsible AI for Well-being“ is organized by Takashi Kido (Teikyo University, Japan) and Keiki Takadama (The University of Electro-Communications, Japan). The paper „How Can Bar Robots Enhance the Well-being of Guests?“ by Oliver Bendel and Lea K. Peier was accepted. The talk will take place between March 26 and 29, 2023 at Hyatt Regency, San Francisco Airport. The symposium website states: „For our happiness, AI is not enough to be productive in exponential growth or economic/financial supremacies but should be socially responsible from the viewpoint of fairness, transparency, accountability, reliability, safety, privacy, and security. For example, AI diagnosis system should provide responsible results (e.g., a high-accuracy of diagnostics result with an understandable explanation) but the results should be socially accepted (e.g., data for AI (machine learning) should not be biased (i.e., the amount of data for learning should be equal among races and/or locations). Like this example, a decision of AI affects our well-being, which suggests the importance of discussing ‚What is socially responsible?‘ in several potential situations of well-being in the coming AI age.“ (Website AAAI) According to the organizers, the first perspective is „(Individually) Responsible AI“, which aims to clarify what kinds of mechanisms or issues should be taken into consideration to design Responsible AI for well-being. The second perspective is „Socially Responsible AI“, which aims to clarify what kinds of mechanisms or issues should be taken into consideration to implement social aspects in Responsible AI for well-being. More information via www.aaai.org/Symposia/Spring/sss23.php#ss09.
On June 30, 2022, the paper „Should Social Robots in Retail Manipulate Customers?“ by Oliver Bendel and Liliana Margarida Dos Santos Alves was published on arxiv.org. It was presented at the AAAI 2022 Spring Symposium „How Fair is Fair? Achieving Wellbeing AI“ at Stanford University and came in third place in the Best Presentation Awards. From the abstract: „Against the backdrop of structural changes in the retail trade, social robots have found their way into retail stores and shopping malls in order to attract, welcome, and greet customers; to inform them, advise them, and persuade them to make a purchase. Salespeople often have a broad knowledge of their product and rely on offering competent and honest advice, whether it be on shoes, clothing, or kitchen appliances. However, some frequently use sales tricks to secure purchases. The question arises of how consulting and sales robots should “behave”. Should they behave like human advisors and salespeople, i.e., occasionally manipulate customers? Or should they be more honest and reliable than us? This article tries to answer these questions. After explaining the basics, it evaluates a study in this context and gives recommendations for companies that want to use consulting and sales robots. Ultimately, fair, honest, and trustworthy robots in retail are a win-win situation for all concerned.“ The paper will additionally be published in the proceedings volume of the symposium by the end of summer. It can be downloaded via arxiv.org/abs/2206.14571.
Fig.: Social robots with sales tricks (Photo: Daimler and Benz Foundation)
On 25 February 2022, the article „Passive, Active, and Proactive Systems and Machines for the Protection and Preservation of Animals and Animal Species“ by Oliver Bendel was published in Frontiers in Animal Science. From the abstract: „Digitalization and automation are expanding into many areas, resulting in more widespread use of partially and fully autonomous machines and robots. At the same time, environmental and other crises and disasters are on the rise, the world population is growing, and animals are losing their habitat. Increasingly, machines and robots such as agricultural vehicles, autonomous cars, robotic lawnmowers, or social robots are encountering animals of all kinds. In the process, the latter are injured or killed. Some machines can be designed so that this does not happen. Relevant disciplines and research areas briefly introduced here are machine ethics, social robotics, animal-machine interaction, and animal-computer interaction. In addition, animal welfare is important. Passive and active machines—as they are called in this review—are already appearing and help to observe and protect animals. Proactive machines may play a role in the future. They could use the possibilities of full automation and autonomy to save animals from suffering in agriculture or in the wild. During crises and disasters and in extensive nature reserves, they could observe, care for, and protect animals. The review provides initial considerations on active, passive, and proactive machines and how they can be used in an animal preservation context while bearing in mind recent technical and global developments.“ The article is part of the research topic „Animal-Computer Interaction and Beyond: The Benefits of Animal-Centered Research and Design“ and can be accessed at www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2022.834634/full.
