On 5 June 2023, Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel will give a talk on „Care robots from an ethical perspective“ at the Institute of Ethics, History and Humanities (iEH2) of the University of Geneva. The event will take place in room A04.2910 (CMU). Care and therapy robots can be understood as service robots and in many cases also as social robots. In the talk by Professor Dr. Oliver Bendel from Zurich, the goals, tasks, and characteristics will be clarified and, based on this, considerations will be made from the perspective of ethics. In the end, it should become clear which types of robots and prototypes or products exist in the healthcare sector, what purposes they serve, what functions they assume, and what implications and consequences this has for individuals and society. Care robots may contribute to personal autonomy while weakening informational autonomy. Therapy robots may enhance personal performance and satisfaction, but in individual cases they may also violate human dignity. It is important to design service robots and social robots in the healthcare sector in such a way that they meet as many requirements and needs as possible and are useful tools for caregivers and those in need of care. Disciplines such as machine ethics can help in this regard. Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel is the editor of several relevant standard works, including „Pflegeroboter“ („Care Robots“, 2018) and „Soziale Roboter“ („Social Robots“, 2021). He has also advised the German Bundestag on this topic. More information via www.unige.ch/medecine/ieh2/fr/la-une/prochain-colloque-ieh2/.
Fig.: Bendel as scientific director of the 23rd Berlin Colloquium (Photo: Daimler und Benz Stiftung)
The proceedings of ICSR 2022 were published in early 2023. Included is the paper „The CARE-MOMO Project“ by Oliver Bendel and Marc Heimann. From the abstract: „In the CARE-MOMO project, a morality module (MOMO) with a morality menu (MOME) was developed at the School of Business FHNW in the context of machine ethics. This makes it possible to transfer one’s own moral and social convictions to a machine, in this case the care robot with the name Lio. The current model has extensive capabilities, including motor, sensory, and linguistic. However, it cannot yet be personalized in the moral and social sense. The CARE-MOMO aims to eliminate this state of affairs and to give care recipients the possibility to adapt the robot’s ‚behaviour‘ to their ideas and requirements. This is done in a very simple way, using sliders to activate and deactivate functions. There are three different categories that appear with the sliders. The CARE-MOMO was realized as a prototype, which demonstrates the functionality and aids the company in making concrete decisions for the product. In other words, it can adopt the morality module in whole or in part and further improve it after testing it in facilities.“ The book (part II of the proceedings) can be downloaded or ordered via link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-24670-8.
Two of the most important conferences for social robotics are Robophilosophy and ICSR. After Robophilosophy, a biennial, was last held in Helsinki in August 2022, ICSR is now coming up in Florence (13 – 16 December 2022). „The 14th International Conference on Social Robotics (ICSR 2022) brings together researchers and practitioners working on the interaction between humans and intelligent robots and on the integration of social robots into our society. … The theme of this year’s conference is Social Robots for Assisted Living and Healthcare, emphasising on the increasing importance of social robotics in human daily living and society.“ (Website ICSR) The committee sent out notifications by October 15, 2022. The paper „The CARE-MOMO Project“ by Oliver Bendel and Marc Heimann was accepted. This is a project that combines machine ethics and social robotics. The invention of the morality menu was transferred to a care robot for the first time. The care recipient can use sliders on the display to determine how he or she wants to be treated. This allows them to transfer their moral and social beliefs and ideas to the machine. The morality module (MOMO) is intended for the Lio assistance robot from F&P Robotics. The result will be presented at the end of October 2022 at the company headquarters in Glattbrugg near Zurich. More information on the conference via www.icsr2022.it.
Fig.: The conference will take place at the Chamber of Commerce (far left)
After several postponements, the symposium „Applied AI in Healthcare: Safety, Community, and the Environment“ will be held within the AAAI Spring Symposia on March 22-23, 2021. One of the presentations is titled „Co-Robots as Care Robots“ (co-robots are also called cobots). The authors of the paper are Oliver Bendel, Alina Gasser, and Joel Siebenmann. From the abstract: „Cooperation and collaboration robots, co-robots or cobots for short, are an integral part of factories. For example, they work closely with the fitters in the automotive sector, and everyone does what they do best. However, the novel robots are not only relevant in production and logistics, but also in the service sector, especially where proximity between them and the users is desired or unavoidable. For decades, individual solutions of a very different kind have been developed in care. Now experts are increasingly relying on co-robots and teaching them the special tasks that are involved in care or therapy. This article presents the advantages, but also the disadvantages of co-robots in care and support, and provides information with regard to human-robot interaction and communication. The article is based on a model that has already been tested in various nursing and retirement homes, namely Lio from F&P Robotics, and uses results from accompanying studies. The authors can show that co-robots are ideal for care and support in many ways. Of course, it is also important to consider a few points in order to guarantee functionality and acceptance.“ More information about the AAAI Spring Symposia is available at aaai.org/Symposia/Spring/sss21.php.
Der Begriff des Pflegeroboters funktioniert wie alle Komposita, die „Roboter“ im hinteren Teil enthalten: Der vordere Teil verweist auf den Bereich, für den der Roboter speziell entwickelt wurde. Ob Therapie-, Sex- oder auch – um ein Beispiel jenseits der Serviceroboter zu nennen – Industrieroboter: In keinem Fall wird behauptet, dass der Bereich vollständig abgedeckt wird. Ob ein Mensch ersetzt oder ob und wie er ergänzt wird, ist jeweils unterschiedlich. Meist ist in dem Bereich, in dem der Roboter eingesetzt wird, auch noch Platz und Bedarf für andere Typen. So spielen in der Pflege bestimmte Reinigungs- oder Transportroboter eine Rolle. Diese kann man zusammen mit den Pflegerobotern, wenn sie sich für Alten- und Pflegeheime eignen und dort verwendet werden, unter den Begriff der Roboter in der Pflege subsumieren. Sie wurden vielleicht leicht angepasst, aber man könnte sie wiederum leicht angepasst womöglich auch im Hotel einsetzen. Relay von Savioke beispielsweise kann Blutproben und Verbandsmaterial von Station zu Station genauso wie eine Flasche Champagner zum Zimmer des Gasts transportieren. Auf ihn passt im ersten Verwendungsfall der Oberbegriff „Roboter in der Pflege“: Er wurde nicht speziell dafür entwickelt, wie ein Pflegeroboter, fügt sich aber in diesen Bereich ein (wogegen er in Außenanlagen wie Parks eine gewisse Mühe hätte). Eine neue Grafik von Oliver Bendel stellt den terminologischen Vorschlag übersichtlich dar.
Abb.: Pflegeroboter als spezielle Roboter in der Pflege
The paper „Care Robots with Sexual Assistance Functions“ by Oliver Bendel, accepted at the AAAI 2020 Spring Symposium „Applied AI in Healthcare: Safety, Community, and the Environment“, can be accessed via arxiv.org/abs/2004.04428. From the abstract: „Residents in retirement and nursing homes have sexual needs just like other people. However, the semi-public situation makes it difficult for them to satisfy these existential concerns. In addition, they may not be able to meet a suitable partner or find it difficult to have a relationship for mental or physical reasons. People who live or are cared for at home can also be affected by this problem. Perhaps they can host someone more easily and discreetly than the residents of a health facility, but some elderly and disabled people may be restricted in some ways. This article examines the opportunities and risks that arise with regard to care robots with sexual assistance functions. First of all, it deals with sexual well-being. Then it presents robotic systems ranging from sex robots to care robots. Finally, the focus is on care robots, with the author exploring technical and design issues. A brief ethical discussion completes the article. The result is that care robots with sexual assistance functions could be an enrichment of the everyday life of people in need of care, but that we also have to consider some technical, design and moral aspects.“ Due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the physical meeting to be held at Stanford University was postponed. It will take place in November 2020 in Washington (AAAI 2020 Fall Symposium Series).
Fig.: Not all people have the joy of a real relationship
The paper „Co-Robots as Care Robots“ by Oliver Bendel, Alina Gasser and Joel Siebenmann, accepted at the AAAI 2020 Spring Symposium „Applied AI in Healthcare: Safety, Community, and the Environment“, can be accessed via arxiv.org/abs/2004.04374. From the abstract: „Cooperation and collaboration robots, co-robots or cobots for short, are an integral part of factories. For example, they work closely with the fitters in the automotive sector, and everyone does what they do best. However, the novel robots are not only relevant in production and logistics, but also in the service sector, especially where proximity between them and the users is desired or unavoidable. For decades, individual solutions of a very different kind have been developed in care. Now experts are increasingly relying on co-robots and teaching them the special tasks that are involved in care or therapy. This article presents the advantages, but also the disadvantages of co-robots in care and support, and provides information with regard to human-robot interaction and communication. The article is based on a model that has already been tested in various nursing and retirement homes, namely Lio from F&P Robotics, and uses results from accompanying studies. The authors can show that co-robots are ideal for care and support in many ways. Of course, it is also important to consider a few points in order to guarantee functionality and acceptance.“ Due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the physical meeting to be held at Stanford University was postponed. It will take place in November 2020 in Washington (AAAI 2020 Fall Symposium Series).
Fig.: Lio at Rehaklinik Zihlschlacht (photo: Urs Jaudas/F&P Robotics)
Stanford University announced that it would cancel in-person classes for the final two weeks of the winter quarter in response to the expanding outbreak of COVID-19. Even before that, the school had set its sights on larger events. These included the AAAI Spring Symposium Series, a legendary conference on artificial intelligence, which in recent years has also had a major impact on machine ethics and robot ethics or roboethics. The AAAI organization announced by email: „It is with regret that we must notify you of the cancellation of the physical meeting of the AAAI Spring Symposium at Stanford, March 23-25, due to the current situation surrounding the COVID-19 outbreak. Stanford has issued the following letter at news.stanford.edu/2020/03/03/message-campus-community-covid-19/, which strongly discourages and likely results in cancellation of any meeting with more than 150 participants.“ What happens with the papers and talks is still unclear. Possibly they will be part of the AAAI Fall Symposium in Washington. The symposium „Applied AI in Healthcare: Safety, Community, and the Environment“, one of eight events, had to be cancelled as well – among other things, innovative approaches and technologies that are also relevant for crises and disasters such as COVID-19 would have been discussed there.
Fig.: The conference would have been part of the AAAI 2020 Spring Symposium
The paper „Care Robots with Sexual Assistance Functions“ by Oliver Bendel was accepted at the AAAI 2020 Spring Symposia. From the abstract: „Residents in retirement and nursing homes have sexual needs just like other people. However, the semi-public situation makes it difficult for them to satisfy these existential concerns. In addition, they may not be able to meet a suitable partner or find it difficult to have a relationship for mental or physical reasons. People who live or are cared for at home can also be affected by this problem. Perhaps they can host someone more easily and discreetly than the residents of a health facility, but some elderly and disabled people may be restricted in some ways. This article examines the opportunities and risks that arise with regard to care robots with sexual assistance functions. First of all, it deals with sexual well-being. Then it presents robotic systems ranging from sex robots to care robots. Finally, the focus is on care robots, with the author exploring technical and design issues. A brief ethical discussion completes the article. The result is that care robots with sexual assistance functions could be an enrichment of the everyday life of people in need of care, but that we also have to consider some technical, design and moral aspects.“ The paper had been submitted to the symposium „Applied AI in Healthcare: Safety, Community, and the Environment“. Oliver Bendel will present the paper at Stanford University between 23 and 25 March 2020.
The paper „Co-Robots as Care Robots“ by Oliver Bendel, Alina Gasser and Joel Siebenmann was accepted at the AAAI 2020 Spring Symposia. From the abstract: „Cooperation and collaboration robots, co-robots or cobots for short, are an integral part of factories. For example, they work closely with the fitters in the automotive sector, and everyone does what they do best. However, the novel robots are not only relevant in production and logistics, but also in the service sector, especially where proximity between them and the users is desired or unavoidable. For decades, individual solutions of a very different kind have been developed in care. Now experts are increasingly relying on co-robots and teaching them the special tasks that are involved in care or therapy. This article presents the advantages, but also the disadvantages of co-robots in care and support, and provides information with regard to human-robot interaction and communication. The article is based on a model that has already been tested in various nursing and retirement homes, namely Lio from F&P Robotics, and uses results from accompanying studies. The authors can show that co-robots are ideal for care and support in many ways. Of course, it is also important to consider a few points in order to guarantee functionality and acceptance.“ The paper had been submitted to the symposium „Applied AI in Healthcare: Safety, Community, and the Environment“. Oliver Bendel will present the results at Stanford University between 23 and 25 March 2020.
In his lecture „Service Robots in Health Care“ at the Orient-Institut Istanbul on 18 December 2019, Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel from Zurich, Switzerland is going to deal with care robots as well as therapy and surgery robots. He will present well-known and less known examples and clarify the goals, tasks and characteristics of these service robots in the healthcare sector. Afterwards he will investigate current and future functions of care robots, including sexual assistance functions. Against this background, the lecture is going to consider both the perspective of information ethics and machine ethics. In the end, it should become clear which robot types and prototypes or products are available in health care, which purposes they fulfil, which functions they assume, how the healthcare system changes through their use and which implications and consequences this has for the individual and society. The program of the series „Human, medicine and society: past, present and future encounters“ can be downloaded here.
Fig.: The Orient-Institut is located near the Bosporus
„In Germany, around four million people will be dependent on care and nursing in 2030. Already today there is talk of a nursing crisis, which is likely to intensify further in view of demographic developments in the coming years. Fewer and fewer young people will be available to the labour market as potential carers for the elderly. Experts estimate that there will be a shortage of around half a million nursing staff in Germany by 2030. Given these dramatic forecasts, are nursing robots possibly the solution to the problem? Scientists from the disciplines of computer science, robotics, medicine, nursing science, social psychology, and philosophy explored this question at a Berlin conference of the Daimler and Benz Foundation. The machine ethicist and conference leader Professor Oliver Bendel first of all stated that many people had completely wrong ideas about care robots: ‚In the media there are often pictures or illustrations that do not correspond to reality‘.“ (Die Welt, 14 June 2019) With these words an article in the German newspaper Die Welt begins. Norbert Lossau describes the Berlin Colloquium, which took place on 22 May 2019, in detail. The article is available in English and German. So are robots a solution to the nursing crisis? Oliver Bendel denies this. They can be useful for the caregiver and the patient. But they don’t solve the big problems.
Fig.: The Pepper robot at the Berlin Colloquium (photo: Daimler and Benz Foundation)
Prof. Dr. Michael Anderson, one of the most famous machine ethicists in the world, attended the 23rd Berlin Colloquium. He summarized his presentation („An Ethical Care Robot“) in the brochure of the event with regard to the technology of care robots as follows: As with any technology, „its advantages need to be tempered with its possible disadvantages such as fewer employment opportunities and patient isolation“. „Further, given the intimate nature of this technology, it is of paramount importance that it behaves in an ethical manner towards its users. To insure ethical behavior from such technology, we maintain that its actions should be guided by a set of ethical values. As it is unrealistic to expect those with the expertise necessary to develop such technology will be equally competent in its ethical dimensions, we also maintain that this set of values be abstracted from a consensus of ethicists. To this end, we propose a case-supported, principle-based behavior paradigm where behavior of autonomous machines is directed by domain-specific ethical principles abstracted from the judgements of ethicists on simple, agreed upon cases. As ethics entails more than simply not taking improper action but choosing the best action in a given situation, we advocate that every action a care robot takes be determined by such ethical principles. As transparency will be important in such systems, ethical principles and the cases from which they have been derived have the added benefit of serving as support for why a particular action was chosen over another. To show the feasibility of the proposed paradigm, we have developed a principle in the domain of elder care and instantiated it in a SoftBank Robotics NAO robot situated in a simulated eldercare environment.“ Michael Anderson had been invited by Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel, who is himself a machine ethicist.
Fig.: Michael Anderson in Berlin (photo: Daimler and Benz Foundation)
Am 22. Mai 2019 fand das 23. Berliner Kolloquium der Daimler und Benz Stiftung statt. Es widmete sich Pflegerobotern, nicht nur aus den bekannten, sondern auch aus neuartigen Perspektiven. So hatte der wissenschaftliche Leiter, Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel, zwei der bekanntesten Maschinenethiker der Welt eingeladen, Prof. Dr. Michael Anderson und Prof. Dr. Susan L. Anderson. Zusammen mit Vincent Berenz hatten sie einen Nao-Roboter mit einer Reihe von Werten programmiert, die sein Verhalten bestimmen und gleichzeitig einer Person in einer simulierten Einrichtung der Altenpflege helfen. Ein Beitrag dazu erschien vor einiger Zeit in den Proceedings of the IEEE. Zum ersten Mal trugen sie die Ergebnisse aus diesem Projekt vor einem europäischen Publikum vor, und ihre insgesamt einstündige Präsentation mit der anschließenden zwanzigminütigen Diskussion kann als eine Sternstunde der Maschinenethik gelten. Mit dabei waren weitere international bekannte Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler, etwa der Japanexperte Florian Coulmas. Er ging auf Artefakte aus Japan ein und relativierte die häufig gehörte Behauptung, die Japaner hielten alle Dinge für beseelt. Mehrere Medien berichteten über das Berliner Kolloquium, beispielsweise Neues Deutschland.
Abb.: Die Andersons beim Berliner Kolloquium (Foto: Daimler und Benz Stiftung)
Robots in the health sector are important, valuable innovations and supplements. As therapy and nursing robots, they take care of us and come close to us. In addition, other service robots are widespread in nursing and retirement homes and hospitals. With the help of their sensors, all of them are able to recognize us, to examine and classify us, and to evaluate our behavior and appearance. Some of these robots will pass on our personal data to humans and machines. They invade our privacy and challenge the informational autonomy. This is a problem for the institutions and the people that needs to be solved. The article “The Spy who Loved and Nursed Me: Robots and AI Systems in Healthcare from the Perspective of Information Ethics” by Oliver Bendel presents robot types in the health sector, along with their technical possibilities, including their sensors and their artificial intelligence capabilities. Against this background, moral problems are discussed, especially from the perspective of information ethics and with respect to privacy and informational autonomy. One of the results shows that such robots can improve the personal autonomy, but the informational autonomy is endangered in an area where privacy has a special importance. At the end, solutions are proposed from various disciplines and perspectives. The article was published in Telepolis on December 17, 2018 and can be accessed via www.heise.de/tp/features/The-Spy-who-Loved-and-Nursed-Me-4251919.html.
The swissnexDay’16 will take place at the University of Basel (December 15, 2016). The second break-out session „Care-Robots – an elderly’s best friend?“ starts shortly after 4 pm. An extract from the description: „Ageing societies and a lack of qualified caregivers are challenging our current system and innovative solutions are strongly needed. Japan, with 20% of its population being over 65 years, is leading the development of robotic solutions. In this session, a diverse panel will discuss the current landscape in Japan and draw comparison to the situation in Switzerland. We will also discuss ethical applications and different perception of the relationship between human + robots.“ (Website swissnex) Kyoko Suzuki (Deputy Head, S&T Tokyo), Christiana Tsiourti (University of Geneva) and Christine Fahlberg (School of Business FHNW, master student of Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel) will present their current research and discuss about robots in healthcare. Christine Fahlberg is focussing on the use of nursing robots from the perspective of ethics. Keynote speakers of the swissnexDay’16 are Prof. Dr. Andrea Schenker-Wicki (President, University of Basel), Dr. med. Guy Morin (President of the Executive Council of the Canton of Basel-Stadt) and State Secretary Mauro Dell’Ambrogio (State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation). Further information via www.swissnex.org.
Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel von der Hochschule für Wirtschaft FHNW lädt in diesen Tagen renommierte Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler zum Ladenburger Diskurs 2017 über Pflegeroboter ein. Am 12. und 13. September arbeitet man in der Villa der Daimler und Benz Stiftung in Ladenburg zusammen, trägt vor und diskutiert. Pflegeroboter unterstützen oder ersetzen – so die Idee – menschliche Pflegekräfte bzw. Betreuerinnen und Betreuer. Sie bringen und reichen Kranken und Alten die benötigten Medikamente und Nahrungsmittel, helfen ihnen beim Hinlegen und Aufrichten oder alarmieren den Notdienst. Die Daimler und Benz Stiftung engagiert sich immer wieder in Bezug auf Robotik und Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) und mit Blick auf moralische und soziale Themen, wie 2015 mit einer Tagung zur Roboterethik. Der Workshop ermöglicht technische, wirtschaftliche, medizinische und ethische Reflexionen über Pflegeroboter. Die Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer aus der Wissenschaft – die Ethiker werden ausschließlich Vertreter der Moralphilosophie, nicht der Moraltheologie sein – sollen kontrovers und konstruktiv diskutieren und zu neuen Erkenntnissen gelangen. Die Anwesenheit von Entwicklern und Anwendern und mindestens eines Prototyps wird angestrebt. Nach der Veranstaltung erscheint eine gemeinsame Publikation in einem Fachverlag als Sammlung der verschriftlichten Vorträge. Über den Ladenburger Diskurs 2017 wird auf informationsethik.net und maschinenethik.net berichtet.
